Summary:

In this chapter, Boaler discusses research that indicates that individuals with growth mindsets, who view challenges and mistakes as opportunities for learning, are generally more effective in their lives. A mindset consists of beliefs that influence how we respond to struggles and mistakes. In Japan, for instance, students spend a significant amount of time (44%) grappling with concepts, whereas U.S. students spend less than 1% of their time doing so. Japanese schools do not segregate students by ability, fostering a diverse learning environment that enhances discussion. This approach emphasizes the importance of struggle in learning. Teachers encourage students to tackle difficult tasks to stimulate brain development, promoting a deep understanding through struggle and revision.

Effective teaching practices include giving students challenging, open-ended problems before teaching specific methods, thus engaging their intuition and prior knowledge. Neuroscience supports the idea that struggle leads to growth, as highlighted by Carol Dweck’s work on fixed versus growth mindsets. Celebrating mistakes and using growth-oriented praise help students embrace challenges without fear of failure. Ultimately, learning is seen as a dynamic process where struggle provides significant opportunities for growth.

Key Math-ish Principle(s): 

The importance of mindset on learning.

Key Ideas/Themes:

• Growth Mindset: Emphasizes the importance of a growth mindset in fostering effectiveness and resilience. People with growth mindsets see challenges and mistakes as opportunities for growth and learning.
  
  

• Value of Struggle and Mistakes: Struggle and mistakes are integral to the learning process. Sharing and correcting mistakes are seen as critical for deeper understanding and development.
  
  

• Inclusive and Differentiated Learning: Differences in students should be seen as resources for broader discussions and varied learning experiences, and thus students should not be segregated. This approach encourages all students to engage with challenging material and contribute uniquely to the learning environment.
  
  

• Engagement with Complex Problems: Effective teaching involves presenting students with challenging, open-ended problems before teaching specific methods. This practice leverages students' intuition and prior knowledge, fostering deeper engagement and higher learning outcomes.
  
  

• Assessment and Praise Practices: Assessment practices should not penalize mistakes but rather use them as learning opportunities. Celebrating effort and struggle promotes a positive learning environment where students feel safe to take risks and learn from their experiences.

Reflection Questions:

After reading this chapter reflect on the following questions. Think about:

1. What makes sense? 

2. What can you apply in the classroom right now? 

3. What do you still need help with?